Philosophy of Medicine by Thompson R. Paul; Upshur Ross E. G.; & Ross E.G. Upshur

Author:Thompson, R. Paul; Upshur, Ross E. G.; & Ross E.G. Upshur
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Routledge
Published: 2017-07-20T16:00:00+00:00

Descriptive studies

These collect data on incident rates or outcomes and organize the data to answer a question: What is the incidence of multiple sclerosis in various regions or countries? What is the survival rate after surgery to remove a melanoma? Analytic studies look for connections – ideally causal – between events: the connection between exposure to second-hand smoke and lung cancer, for example.

Observational studies

As the name suggests, these studies are based on observations. The researcher does not manipulate any aspect of the context. Observational studies are always descriptive. There are a number of different ways to present the data obtained from the observations. Case reports (or series) describe characteristics of an individual case or group of cases. These are useful for new diseases or unusual outcomes. For example, an observational study of veterans returning from combat in Afghanistan and Iraq led to the identification of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This opened the path to identification and treatment.

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